Earthly Branches Totally Explained

Everything about The Earthly Branches totally explained

The Earthly Branches (; or ) provide one Chinese system for reckoning time.
   This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter. Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star). Astronomers rounded the orbit of Suixing to 12 years (from 11.86). Suixing was associated with Sheti (ɳ Böotes) and sometimes called Sheti.
   In correlative thinking, the twelve years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the twelve months of the year, twelve animals (mnemonics for the system), directions, seasons, months, and Chinese hour in the form of double-hours. When a Branch is used for a double hour, the listed periods are meant. When used for an exact time of a day, it's the center of the period. For instance, 午 (the Horse) means noon or a period from 11am to 1pm. (The jie qi system provided single hours and 15-degree arcs in time and space.)
   Chinese seasons are based on observations of the sun and stars, not the weather. Many Chinese calendrical systems have started the new year on the first new moon after the winter solstice.
   The Earthly Branches are today used with the Heavenly Stems in the current version of the "traditional calendar" and in Taoism. The Ganzhi (Stem-Branch) combination is a fairly new way to mark time; in the Shang era it was the ten Heavenly Stems that provided the names of the days of the week. The Branches are as old as the Stems (and according to recent archaeology may actually be older), but the Stems were tied to the ritual calendars of Chinese kings. They were not part of the calendrical systems of the majority of Chinese.

Chinese name	Turkish name	Japanese name (On and Kun)	Korean name	Vietnamese name	Chinese zodiac	Season	Lunar Month	Double Hour
zǐ	sıçgan-fare (rat)	shi ne	자 (ja)		Rat	winter	Month 11 (winter solstice)	11pm to 1am (midnight)
chǒu	ud sığır-sığır (ox)	chū ushi	축 (chuk)	sửu		winter	Month 12	1am to 3am
yín	bars-pars (panther)	in tora	인 (in)		Tiger	spring	Month 1	3am to 5am
mǎo	tavışgan-tavşan (rabbit)	bō u	묘 (myo)		Rabbit		Month 2 (vernal equinox)	5am to 7am
chén	lu-ejder (draco)	shin tatsu	진 (jin)		Dragon		Month 3	7am to 9 am
sì	ılan-yılan (snake)	shi mi	사 (sa)		Snake	summer	Month 4	9am to 11am
wǔ	yunt-at (horse)	go uma	오 (o)		Horse		Month 5 (summer solstice)	11am to 1pm (noon)
wèi	koy-koyun (sheep)	bi hitsuji	미 (mi)		Sheep		Month 6	1pm to 3pm
shēn	biçin-maymun (monkey)	shin saru	신 (sin)		Monkey	autumn	Month 7	3pm to 5pm
yǒu	taguk-tavuk (chicken)	(yū tori	유 (yu)		Rooster		Month 8 (autumnal equinox)	5pm to 7pm
xū	it-köpek (dog)	jutsu inu	술 (sul)		Dog		Month 9	7pm to 9pm
hài	tonguz-domuz (hog)	gai i	해 (hae)		Pig	winter	Month 10	9pm to 11pm

Some cultures assign different animals: Vietnam replaces the ox, rabbit, and sheep with the water buffalo, cat, and goat respectively; Japan replaces the pig with the wild boar.

Directions

Even though Chinese has words for the four cardinal directions - (běi, north), (dōng, east), (nán, south), and (xī, west) - Chinese mariners and astronomers/astrologers preferred using the twelve directions of the Earthly Branches, which is somewhat similar to the modern-day practice of English-speaking pilots using o'clock for directions. Since twelve points were not enough for sailing, twelve midpoints were added. Instead of combining two adjacent direction names, they assigned new names as follows:

For the four diagonal directions, appropriate trigram names of I Ching were used.
For the rest, the Heavenly Stems were used. According to the Five Elements theory, east is assigned to wood, and the Stems of wood are (jiǎ) and (yǐ). Thus they were assigned clockwise to the two adjacent points of the east.

Following is a table of the 24 directions:

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